...In 2013, a federal judge ruled the policing tactic violated constitutional rights and amounted to “indirect racial profiling,” as police were subjecting people of color to unnecessary stops over “suspicious behavior” that might otherwise be considered typical if a person were white. In some instances, people were stopped merely for being fidgety, looking over their shoulder, or crossing the street. According to the Center for Constitutional Rights, the policy lead to 575,000 stops in a single year at its peak in 2009. Blacks and Latinos were nine times as likely to be stopped, and the stops yielded only 762 guns. ...

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